Züchtung und potentielle Nutzung extrem frühreifer Kartoffelsorten

Zusammenfassung Die Züchtung auf Frühreife erfolgte durch rekurrente Selektion auf allgemeine Kombinationseignung für das Merkmal Frühreife. Im dritten Zyklus wurden in einigen Nachkommenschaftten Formen beobachtet, die 10 Tage vor den sehr frühen Sorten abreifen. Mit dem bisher besten extrem frühen Stamm k?nnen im Zeitraum von 40–50 Tagen nach Aufgang h?here Marktwareertr?ge, verbunden mit besserer Schalenfestigkeit, erzielt werden als mit anderen sehr frühen Sorten.

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Summary Breeding for early maturity was achieved by recurrent selection for General Combining Ability (GCA) of the early maturity character. The cultivar Karat was obtained in two cycles in the early maturity breeding programme (Fig. 1). Selected results for the population test in 1984 with Karat as tester are shown in Table I. The percentages of the F₁ progenies in the various maturity classes differed signifcantly for parents with comparable vegetative periods, thereby emphasising the importance of selecting an appropriate crossing partner. As the degree of homozygosity for early maturity was increased by recurrent selection, progenies were observed in the third cycle that surpassed both the parents in this regard; they matured about 10 days before the very early maturing cultivars. The most important criteria for obtaining very early forms in the breeding process are: harvesting of small tubers too in the seedling stage, wider spacing in the first clonal generation to prevent competition and no selection for yield in this generation. The characters of the new selection (NZ30), until now the best of the extremely early forms, are shown in Fig. 2 and Table 2. Its higher marketable yield 40–50 days after emergence, as compared with very early cultivars, is associated with better skin set. Earlier physiological maturity helps to preserve good quality in modern harvesting and marketing technologies.

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Résumé La sélection de variétés précoces a été effectuee sur leur aptitude générale de combinaison (GCA) pour la précocité, selon la méthode récurrente. La variété Karat a été obtenue par le programme de sélection basé sur la précocité dans le second cycle (fig. 1). Des résultats choisis sur les épreuves des populations 1984 avec Karat comme variété test sont présentés dans le tableau 1. Dans la proportion des classes de maturité des descendants F₁, on observe des différences significatives pour des parents avec des durées de végétations comparables. Cela démontre de l'importance du choix des parents selon leur génotype. Avec l'augmentation de l'homozygotie pour la précocité, par la sélection récurrente il a été obtenu dans le 3ème cycle quelques clones plus précoces que leurs parents, et environ 10 jours d'avance de maturité sur les variétés très précoces. On peut relever les pratiques les plus importantes pour obtenir des variétés très précoces: récolte aussi des petits tubercules issus des semis, peuplement très faible lors de la première multiplication végétative afin d'éviter la concurrence, et ne pas faire de sélection sur le rendement lors de la première multiplication végétative. La meilleure obtention très précoce ‘NZ30’ dans le complexe de tous les caractères est présentée sur la figure 2 et le tableau 2. Cette variété permet d'obtenir dans un délai de 40 à 50 jours après la levée, un rendement commercial supérieur combiné avec un épiderme miexu formé que chez les variétés trés précoces. La maturation physiologique plus avancée contribue à augmenter la qualité, en particulier avec les techniques modernes de récolte et de commercialisation.

     

Soil microbial biomass and activity: the effect of site characteristics in humid temperate forest ecosystems

Microbial biomass, respiratory activity, and in‐situ substrate decomposition were studied in soils from humid temperate forest ecosystems in SW Germany. The sites cover a wide range of abiotic soil and climatic properties. Microbial biomass and respiration were related to both soil dry mass in individual horizons and to the soil volume in the top 25 cm. Soil microbial properties covered the following ranges: soil microbial biomass: 20 µg C g^–1–8.3 mg C g^–1 and 14–249 g C m^–2, respectively; microbial C–to–total organic C ratio: 0.1%–3.6%; soil respiration: 109–963 mg CO₂‐C m^–2 h^–1; metabolic quotient (qCO₂): 1.4–14.7 mg C (g C_mic)^–1 h^–1; daily in‐situ substrate decomposition rate: 0.17%–2.3%. The main abiotic properties affecting concentrations of microbial biomass differed between forest‐floor/organic horizons and mineral horizons. Whereas microbial biomass decreased with increasing soil moisture and altitude in the forest‐floor/organic horizons, it increased with increasing N_tot content and pH value in the mineral horizons. Quantities of microbial biomass in forest soils appear to be mainly controlled by the quality of the soil organic matter (SOM), i.e., by its C : N ratio, the quantity of N_tot, the soil pH, and also showed an optimum relationship with increasing soil moisture conditions. The ratio of C_mic to C_org was a good indicator of SOM quality. The quality of the SOM (C : N ratio) and soil pH appear to be crucial for the incorporation of C into microbial tissue. The data and functional relations between microbial and abiotic variables from this study provide the basis for a valuation scheme for the function of soils to serve as a habitat for microorganisms.     

Composition of the microbial communities in the mineral soil under different types of natural forest

Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) patterns were used to describe the composition of the soil microbial communities under 12 natural forest stands including oak and beech, spruce-fir-beech, floodplain and pine forests. In addition to the quantification of total PLFAs, soil microbial biomass was measured by substrate-induced respiration and chloroform fumigation-extraction. The forest stands possess natural vegetation, representing an expression of the natural site factors, and we hypothesised that each forest type would support a specific soil microbial community. Principal component analysis (PCA) of PLFA patterns revealed that the microbial communities were compositionally distinct in the floodplain and pine forests, comprising azonal forest types, and were more similar in the oak, beech and spruce-fir-beech forests, which represent the zonal vegetation types of the region. In the nutrient-rich floodplain forests, the fatty acids 16:1ω5, 17:0cy, a15:0 and a17:0 were the most prevalent and soil pH seemed to be responsible for the discrimination of the soil microbial communities against those of the zonal forest types. The pine forest soils were set apart from the other forest soils by a higher abundance of PLFA 18:2ω6,9, which is typical of fungi and may also indicate ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with pine trees, and high amounts of PLFA 10Me18:0, which is common in actinomycetes. These findings suggest that the occurrence of azonal forest types at sites with specific soil conditions is accompanied by the development of specific soil microbial communities. The study provides information on the microbial communities in undisturbed forest soils which may facilitate interpretation of data derived from managed or even damaged or degraded forests.     

Guadiamar Toxic Flood: Factors that Govern Heavy Metal Distribution in Soils

The remaining soil contamination after the removal of thesludge and the affected topsoil was studied in the northernpart of the Guadiamar river valley affected by the Aznalcóllartoxic spill. The easily soluble (NH₄NO₃-extraction)and the oxidisable fraction (H₂O₂/HNO₃-extraction)were analysed in samples of two calcareous and two non-calcareoussoils. Correlations between soil properties and heavy metal concentrations were tested with special respect to depth distribution. The spatial distributions of the easily soluble and the oxidisable fraction were highly skewed in both examineddepths (0–20 and 20–40 cm). Easily soluble heavymetal concentrations of a high percentage of samples exceededthresholds that have been given in the German soil protectionlaw particularly in the non-calcareous soils. Within the soillayers of the non-calcareous soils, the pH seems to control theeasily soluble concentrations. However no relation between thepH and depth distribution of heavy metals within the profilescould be found. Physical properties, which determine partlypenetration depth of the sludge and soil mixing caused by theremoval may be the more important factors. Accordingly, highheavy metal concentrations are to be expected even in thesubsoils of clayey sites. As heavy metal concentrations in theoxidisable fraction are still high, further oxidationaccompanied by pH lowering has to be expected. Thus, thestudied soils show a significant risk potential of availableheavy metals even after the removal of the sludge.     

Role of Rab9 GTPase in facilitating receptor recruitment by TIP47

Mannose 6-phosphate receptors (MPRs) deliver lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to endosomes and then return to the Golgi complex. TIP47 recognizes the cytoplasmic domains of MPRs and is required for endosome-to-Golgi transport. Here we show that TIP47 also bound directly to the Rab9 guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) in its active, GTP-bound conformation. Moreover, Rab9 increased the affinity of TIP47 for its cargo. A functional Rab9 binding site was required for TIP47 stimulation of MPR transport in vivo. Thus, a cytosolic cargo selection device may be selectively recruited onto a specific organelle, and vesicle budding might be coupled to the presence of an active Rab GTPase.     

Glacier surge mechanism: 1982-1983 surge of variegated glacier, alaska

The hundredfold speedup in glacier motion in a surge of the kind the kind that took place in Variegated Glacier in 1982-1983 is caused by the buildup of high water pressure in the basal passageway system, which is made possible by a fundamental and pervasive change in the geometry and water-transport characteristics of this system. The behavior of the glacier in surge has many remarkable features, which can provide clues to a detailed theory of the surging process. The surge mechanism is akin to a proposed mechanism of overthrust faulting.     

M_(99-1)引诱剂诱捕松墨天牛等松甲虫的研究

报道了松墨天牛成虫活动期间 ,在马尾松 -栎类次生混交林、马尾松 -湿地松人工林和黄山松天然林 3种不同林分中 ,应用 M99-1引诱剂诱捕钻蛀性松甲虫种类、主要钻蛀性松甲虫成虫种群数量及其比率和不同诱捕期松墨天牛雌成虫孕卵量及其比率的情况。研究结果显示 ,M99-1引诱剂诱获鞘翅目害虫达 2 6种 ,其中钻蛀性松甲虫达 14种 ,占诱获种类的 5 3.8%。马尾松角胫象、松墨天牛种群数量比率最高 ,分别达 5 7.3%～ 69.8%和 2 7.2 %～ 2 9.3%。 3种不同松林林分中 ,短角幽天牛、褐幽天牛、薄翅锯天牛等其它主要钻蛀性害虫的数量比率也较高。不同诱捕期松墨天牛雌成虫平均孕卵量及其比率 ,以活动前期 (6月下旬前 )为最高 ,分别达 16.9粒和 4 1.9%。 M99-1引诱剂诱捕是监测松林钻蛀性松甲虫种群动态和降低其虫口密度的重要方法     

Applications of DNA amplification techniques in veterinary diagnostics

An overview of the principles of the polymerase chain reaction, ligase chain reaction, self-sustained sequence replication and Q replicase is given. The application of these methods for the diagnosis of veterinary infectious and hereditary diseases as well as for other diagnostic purposes is discussed and comprehensive tables of reported assays are provided. Specific areas where these DNA-based amplification methods provide substantial advantages over traditional approaches are also highlighted. With regard to PCR-based assays for the detection of viral pathogens, this article is an update of a previous review by Belák and Ballagi-Pordány (1993).These two authors contributed equally to this review and are listed in alphabetical order.     

Detection of dermatophilosis and lice (Bovicola ovis) on flayed pelts and cockle on the skin of live lambs

Pelts from lambs submitted to an abattoir were obtained at monthly intervals from December to August. One half of each freshly flayed pelt was examined for cockle, lice (Bovicolu ovis) and dermatophilosis, and the observations compared with defects attributable to cockle and dermatophilosis in the corresponding pickled half-pelts. Formalin-fixed samples from pelts identified as having cockle were examined microscopically. Cockle was not detected macroscopically in flayed half-pelts despite being obvious in 4% of the pelts after pickling. Lice were detected in 17% of the flayed half-pelts. Dermatophilosis occurred in 12% of flayed half-pelts, presenting most commonly as small lesions in the dorsal midline regions of the lambs. However, only 4% of pickled half-pelts showed defects attributable to dermatophilosis. In other groups of lambs, cockle was detected in vivo by examining the skin over the upper shoulder region after close shearing of the wool. This method of detection showed sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 100%. The results of this work provide a basis for the monitoring of dermatophilosis and cockle in live lambs.